izindaba

Cishe yonke into esibhekana nayo emhlabeni wanamuhla incike ezintweni zikagesi ngokwezinga elithile.Kusukela saqala ukuthola indlela yokusebenzisa ugesi ukuze sikhiqize umsebenzi wemishini, sidale amadivaysi amakhulu namancane ukuze sithuthukise impilo yethu.Kusukela kumalambu kagesi kuya kuma-smartphone, wonke amathuluzi. sithuthukisa siqukethe izingxenye ezimbalwa nje ezilula ezihlanganiswe ndawonye ekucushweni okuhlukahlukene.Eqinisweni, ngaphezu kwekhulu leminyaka, sithembele kulokhu:
Inguquko yethu yesimanje yama-elekthronikhi incike kulezi zinhlobo ezine zezingxenye, kanye - kamuva - nama-transistors, ukuze asilethele cishe yonke into esiyisebenzisayo namuhla. Njengoba sijaha ukwenza izinto zikagesi zibe zincane, sigade izici ezengeziwe zempilo yethu kanye neqiniso, sidlulise idatha eyengeziwe nge amandla amancane, futhi sixhumanisa amadivaysi ethu kwamanye, sisheshe sihlangabezane nale mikhawulo yakudala.Ubuchwepheshe.Kodwa, ekuqaleni kwawo-2000, intuthuko emihlanu yahlangana, futhi isiqalile ukuguqula umhlaba wethu wesimanje.Nakhu ukuthi konke kwahamba kanjani.
1.) Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-graphene.Kuzo zonke izinto ezitholakala emvelweni noma ezidalwe elebhu, idayimane akuseyona into enzima kakhulu.Kuneziyisithupha eziqinile, ezinzima kunawo wonke i-graphene.Ngo-2004, i-graphene, ishidi lekhabhoni eliwugqinsi we-athomu. Ihlanganiswe ndawonye ngephethini yekristalu eyi-hexagonal, yahlukaniswa ngephutha kulebhu. Eminyakeni eyisithupha nje ngemva kwalokhu kuthuthukiswa, abavundulula bayo u-Andrei Heim no-Kostya Novoselov baklonyeliswa uMklomelo KaNobel ku-Physics. Akukhona nje kuphela ukuthi into enzima kunazo zonke ezake zenziwa, ezikwazi ukumelana nezimo ngendlela emangalisayo. ngokomzimba, amakhemikhali, kanye nokucindezeleka okushisayo, kodwa empeleni i-lattice ephelele yama-athomu.
I-graphene iphinde ibe nezinto ezithokozisayo zokuqhuba, okusho ukuthi uma izinto zikagesi, okuhlanganisa nama-transistors, zingenziwa nge-graphene esikhundleni se-silicon, zingase zibe zincane futhi zisheshe kunanoma yini esinayo namuhla.Uma i-graphene ixutshwa kupulasitiki, ingashintshwa into ekwazi ukumelana nokushisa, eqinile futhi ehambisa ugesi.Ngaphezu kwalokho, igraphene icishe ibe ngu-98% obala ekukhanyeni, okusho ukuthi ishintshashintsha ezikrinini zokuthintwa ezikhanyelayo, amaphaneli akhipha ukukhanya ngisho namaseli elanga.Njengoba iNobel Foundation yakubeka iminyaka engu-11 edlule, “mhlawumbe sisonqenqemeni lokunye ukwenziwa kancane kwezinto zikagesi okuzoholela ekutheni amakhompyutha asebenze kahle kakhulu esikhathini esizayo.”
2.) Izinqamuleli zokukhweza ezingaphezulu.Lobu ubuchwepheshe "obusha" obudala kunabo bonke futhi cishe bujwayelekile kunoma ubani ohlinze ikhompuyutha noma umakhalekhukhwini.I-surface mount resistor yinto encane engunxande, evame ukwakhiwa ngeceramic, enemiphetho ebambayo kukho kokubili. kuyaphela.Ukuthuthukiswa kwezitsha zobumba, ezimelana nokugeleza kwamandla ngaphandle kokuchitha amandla amaningi noma ukushisa, kwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukwakha izimelambisi eziphakeme kunezinqamuleli zendabuko ezindala ezazisetshenziswa ngaphambili: i-axial lead resistors.
Lezi zakhiwo ziyenza ilungele ukusetshenziswa kumishini kagesi yesimanje, ikakhulukazi amandla aphansi kanye namadivayisi eselula.Uma udinga isixhasi, ungasebenzisa eyodwa yalawa ma-SMD (amadivaysi okufaka ugesi) ukuze unciphise usayizi owudingayo kuma-resistors, noma ukwandisa amandla ongawasebenzisa kuzo ngaphakathi kwezingqinamba zosayizi ofanayo.
3.) Ama-Supercapacitors.Ama-Capacitor angobunye bobuchwepheshe obudala kakhulu be-elekthronikhi.Asekelwe ekumisweni okulula lapho izindawo ezimbili eziqhutshwayo (amapuleti, amasilinda, amagobolondo ayindilinga, njll.) zihlukaniswa ukusuka kwelinye ngebanga elincane, futhi okubili. izindawo ezingaphezulu ziyakwazi ukugcina amashaji alinganayo futhi aphikisanayo.Uma uzama ukudlula i-current ku-capacitor iyashaja futhi uma ucisha i-current noma uxhuma amapuleti amabili i-capacitor iyaphuma.Ama-Capacitor anezinhlelo eziningi ezihlukene zokusebenza, okuhlanganisa ukugcinwa kwamandla, a ukuqhuma okusheshayo kwamandla akhululiwe, kanye ne-piezoelectric electronics, lapho izinguquko kumfutho wedivayisi zikhiqiza amasignali kagesi.
Yiqiniso, ukwenza amapuleti amaningi ahlukaniswe amabanga amancane kakhulu, ngesilinganiso esincane kakhulu akuyona nje inselele kodwa ngokuyisisekelo kulinganiselwe.Intuthuko yakamuva yezinto zokwakha-ikakhulukazi i-calcium copper titanate (CCTO)-ingagcina amanani amakhulu enkokhiso ezindaweni ezincane: ama-supercapacitor. Lawa madivayisi amancane angashajwa futhi ashajwe izikhathi eziningi ngaphambi kokuthi aguge; ukushaja nokukhipha ngokushesha; futhi ugcine amandla aphindwe izikhathi ezingu-100 kumthamo weyunithi ngayinye yama-capacitor amadala.Ziwubuchwepheshe obushintsha umdlalo uma kuziwa ekwenzeni i-electronics miniaturizing.
4.) Ama-Super inductors.Njengewokugcina “Kwabathathu Abakhulu,” i-superinductor ingumdlali wakamuva ozophuma kuze kube u-2018.I-inductor ngokuyisisekelo iyikhoyili enamanje esetshenziswa core ezidonsa uzibuthe.Ama-Inductors aphikisana nezinguquko kuzibuthe wawo wangaphakathi. inkambu, okusho ukuthi uma uzama ukuvumela ukugeleza kwamanje kuyo, imelana isikhashana, bese ivumela okwamanje ukuthi igeleze ngokukhululekile kuyo, futhi ekugcineni imelane nezinguquko futhi uma ucisha i-current. Kanye nama-resistors nama-capacitor, yiwona izakhi ezintathu eziyisisekelo zawo wonke ama-circuits.Kodwa futhi, kukhona umkhawulo wokuthi bancane kangakanani abangayithola.
Inkinga ukuthi inani le-inductance lincike endaweni engaphezulu ye-inductor, engumbulali wamaphupho ngokuya nge-miniaturization. izinhlayiya ezithwala umsinga ngokwazo zivimbela izinguquko ekuhambeni kwazo. Njengoba nje izintuthwane ezisemugqeni kumelwe “zikhulume” zodwa ukuze zishintshe isivinini sazo, lezi zinhlayiya ezithwala amandla zamanje, njengama-electron, kudingeka zisebenzisane amandla ukuze zisheshise. noma wehlise ijubane.Lokhu kumelana noshintsho kudala umuzwa wokunyakaza.Ngaphansi kobuholi be-Nanoelectronics Research Laboratory ka-Kaustav Banerjee, i-kinetic energy inductor esebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-graphene isithuthukisiwe: into ephezulu kakhulu yokuminyana kwe-inductance eyake yarekhodwa.
5.) Faka i-graphene kunoma iyiphi idivayisi.Manje ake sibheke.Sine-graphene.Sinezinguqulo “ezinhle kakhulu” zokuphikiswa, ama-capacitor nama-inductors – amancane, aqinile, athembekile futhi asebenza kahle.Isithiyo sokugcina kunguquko ye-ultra-miniaturization ku-electronics. , okungenani ngokombono, yikhono lokuguqula noma iyiphi idivayisi (eyenziwe cishe nganoma iyiphi into) ibe idivayisi kagesi.Ukwenza lokhu kwenzeke, esikudingayo nje ikhono lokushumeka izinto zikagesi ezisekelwe ku-graphene kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lwezinto esizifunayo, kuhlanganise nezinto eziguquguqukayo.Iqiniso lokuthi i-graphene inoketshezi oluhle, ukuguquguquka, amandla, kanye nokusebenza, kuyilapho ingenabungozi kubantu, iyenza ifanelekele le njongo.
Eminyakeni embalwa edlule, imishini ye-graphene ne-graphene yenziwe ngendlela efinyelelwe kuphela ngezinqubo ezimbalwa eziqinile ngokwazo. Ungakwazi ukufaka i-graphite endala engenalutho, uyincibilikise emanzini, futhi wenze i-graphene ngomhwamuko wamakhemikhali. i-deposition.Nokho, kunama-substrates ambalwa kuphela lapho i-graphene ingafakwa khona ngale ndlela.Unganciphisa ngamakhemikhali i-graphene oxide, kodwa uma wenza kanjalo, uzogcina une-graphene yekhwalithi empofu.Ungaphinda ukhiqize i-graphene ngokukhipha i-mechanical exfoliation. , kodwa lokhu akukuvumeli ukuthi ulawule usayizi noma ukujiya kwegraphene oyikhiqizayo.
Yilapho intuthuko ye-laser-eqoshiwe i-graphene ifika khona.Kunezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko zokufeza lokhu.Eyodwa ukuqala nge-graphene oxide.Kuyafana nangaphambili: uthatha i-graphite bese uyi-oxidize, kodwa esikhundleni sokuyehlisa ngamakhemikhali, uyayehlisa. nge-laser.Ngokungafani ne-graphene oxide encishisiwe ngamakhemikhali, ingumkhiqizo wekhwalithi ephezulu ongasetshenziswa kuma-supercapacitor, ama-electronic circuits, nama-memory card, phakathi kokunye.
Ungasebenzisa futhi i-polyimide, ipulasitiki yezinga lokushisa eliphezulu, kanye nephethini ye-graphene ngokuqondile ngelaser.I-laser inqamula amabhondi amakhemikhali kunethiwekhi ye-polyimide, futhi ama-athomu ekhabhoni azihlela kabusha ngokushisa ukuze akhe amashidi egraphene amancane, ekhwalithi ephezulu.I-Polyimide ibonisiwe ithani lezinhlelo zokusebenza ezingase zibe khona, ngoba uma ungakwazi ukuqopha amasekhethi e-graphene kuyo, ungakwazi ukushintsha noma isiphi isimo se-polyimide sibe izinto zikagesi ezigqokekayo.Lokhu, uma sibala okumbalwa, kuhlanganisa:
Kodwa mhlawumbe okujabulisa kakhulu—uma kubhekwa ukuvela, ukuvela, kanye nokutholakala yonke indawo okusha kwe-laser-eqoshiwe igraphene—kusemkhathizwe walokho okungenzeka njengamanje. .Esinye sezibonelo ezimbi kakhulu zobuchwepheshe obuhluleka ukuqhubekela phambili amabhethri.Namuhla, cishe sisebenzisa amakhemistri amaseli omile ukuze sigcine amandla kagesi, ubuchwepheshe obukhona emakhulwini eminyaka.Izibonelo zemishini emisha yokugcina izinto, njengamabhethri e-zinc-air kanye ne-solid state. flexible electrochemical capacitors, adalwe.
Nge-laser-eqoshiwe i-graphene, asikwazi nje kuphela ukuguqula indlela esigcina ngayo amandla, kodwa singakwazi futhi ukudala izinto ezigqokekayo eziguqula amandla emishini abe ugesi: ama-triboelectric nanogenerators.Singakha ama-photovoltaics emvelo amangalisayo anamandla okuguqula amandla elanga. ingakwazi futhi ukwenza amangqamuzana e-biofuel aguquguqukayo; amathuba makhulu.Emingceleni yokuqoqa nokugcina amandla, ukuvukela umbuso konke kwenzeka esikhathini esifushane.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-laser-eqoshiwe i-graphene kufanele ingenise inkathi yezinzwa ezingakaze zibonwe ngaphambili.Lokhu kuhlanganisa izinzwa zomzimba, njengoba izinguquko zomzimba (ezifana nezinga lokushisa noma ubunzima) zibangela izinguquko ezimpahleni zikagesi ezifana nokumelana ne-impedance (okuhlanganisa futhi iminikelo ye-capacitance ne-inductance. ).Futhi kuhlanganisa namadivayisi athola izinguquko ezimpahleni zegesi kanye nomswakama, futhi - lapho isetshenziswa emzimbeni womuntu - izinguquko zomzimba ezimpawini ezibalulekile zothile.Isibonelo, umqondo we-Star Trek-inspired tricorder ungase uphelelwe isikhathi ngokushesha ukumane unamathisele isiqeshana sokuqapha izimpawu ezibalulekile esisixwayisa ngokushesha nganoma yiziphi izinguquko ezikhathazayo emizimbeni yethu.
Lo mkhakha wokucabanga ungase futhi uvule inkundla entsha ngokuphelele: ama-biosensors asekelwe kubuchwepheshe be-laser-engraved graphene technology.Umphimbo wokwenziwa osekelwe ku-laser-eqoshiwe i-graphene ungasiza ukuqapha ukudlidliza komphimbo, ukukhomba umehluko wesignali phakathi kokukhwehlela, ukubhuza, ukuklabalasa, ukugwinya nokunqekuzisa ikhanda. ukunyakaza.I-graphene eqoshwe nge-laser nayo inamandla amakhulu uma ufuna ukwakha i-bioreceptor yokwenziwa engakhomba ama-molecule athile, idizayine izinzwa ezihlukahlukene ezigqokekayo, noma isize ukunika amandla izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-telemedicine ezihlukahlukene.
Kwaze kwafika ngo-2004 lapho indlela yokukhiqiza amashidi e-graphene, okungenani ngamabomu, yasungulwa okokuqala. Eminyakeni engu-17 kusukela lapho, uchungechunge lwentuthuko ehambisanayo ekugcineni belethe eqhulwini ithuba lokuguqula indlela abantu abasebenzisa ngayo izinto zikagesi. Uma kuqhathaniswa nazo zonke izindlela ezikhona zokukhiqiza nokwenza amadivaysi asekelwe ku-graphene, i-laser-eqoshiwe i-graphene yenza amaphethini we-graphene alula, akhiqizeka ngobuningi, asezingeni eliphezulu, futhi angabizi kakhulu ezinhlelweni zokusebenza ezihlukahlukene ezihlanganisa ukushintsha kwe-electronics yesikhumba.
Esikhathini esizayo esiseduze, kunengqondo ukulindela intuthuko emkhakheni wezamandla, okuhlanganisa ukulawula amandla, ukuvunwa kwamandla, kanye nokugcinwa kwamandla.Futhi esikhathini esiseduze ukuthuthuka kwezinzwa, okuhlanganisa izinzwa zomzimba, izinzwa zegesi, ngisho nama-biosensors.Okukhulu kakhulu inguquko kungenzeka iqhamuke ezintweni ezigqokwayo, okuhlanganisa nemishini yezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-telemedicine zokuxilonga.Ukuqiniseka, izinselele eziningi nezithiyo zisekhona.Kodwa lezi zithiyo zidinga ukuthuthukiswa okuthuthukisiwe esikhundleni soguquko.Njengoba amathuluzi axhunyiwe kanye Ne-inthanethi Yezinto iqhubeka nokukhula, isidingo I-ultra-small electronics inkulu kunangaphambili.Ngentuthuko yakamuva kubuchwepheshe be-graphene, ikusasa selikhona kakade ngezindlela eziningi.